Charlie and the Chocolate Factory: Summary

The story is about a boy Charlie Bucket, who lives in extreme poverty. A poor but virtuous boy, Charlie lives in a tiny house with his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Bucket, and all four of his grandparents. His grandparents share the only bed in the house, located in the only bedroom, and Charlie and his parents sleep on mattresses on the floor. Charlie gets three sparse meals a day, which is hardly enough to nourish a growing boy, As a result, he is almost sickly thin. Once a year, on his birthday, Charlie gets one bar of Wonka chocolate, which he savors over many months. For the first time in a decade, Willy Wonka, the solitary and eccentric chocolate maker, is opening the doors of his unique chocolate factory for five members of the public. The lucky five who find a Golden Ticket in their Wonka chocolate bars will win a daylong tour of the factory and a lifetime’s supply of Wonka treats! For young Charlie Bucket, this a dream come true when one cold winter night, he retrieves a dollar from the ground and buys two Wonka's Whipple-Scrumptious Fudgemallow, by sheer luck or destiny. As Charlie unwraps the second chocolate bar, he sees the glimmer of gold just under the wrapper! Yes, he was one of the chosen lucky one! Happiness struck the poor Bucket family. Charlie’s oldest and most beloved grandparent, Grandpa Joe, sprang out of bed for the first time in decades and decided to accompany Charlie to the Wonka Chocolate factory. The very next day, Charlie, and the unworthy fellow winners Mike Teavee(a rude television addict), Veruca Salt(an insufferable brat,who demands every single thing from her rich father), Violet Beauregarde(an ardent gum chewer), and Augustus Gloop(a corpulent child whose only hobby is eating), step into the Great Chocolate Factory. In the factory, Charlie and Grandpa Joe marvel at the unbelievable sights, sounds, and especially smells of the factory. Whereas they are grateful toward and respectful of Mr. Wonka and his factory, the other four children succumb to their own character flaws. Augustus Gloop falls into the hot chocolate river—while attempting to drink it—and is sucked up by one of the many pipes. Veruca Salt is determined to be a â€Å"bad nut† by nut-judging squirrels who throw her out with the trash. Violet Beauregarde impetuously grabs an experimental piece of gum and chews herself into a giant blueberry. With the hope of being on his beloved television, Mike Teavee shrinks himself, and his father has to carry him out in his pocket. During each child’s fiasco, Mr. Wonka alienates the parents with his nonchalant reaction to the child’s seeming demise. He remains steadfast in his belief that everything will work out in the end. After each child’s trial, the Oompa-Loompas (Mr Wonkas’ workers from Loompaland) beat drums and sing a moralizing song about the downfalls of greedy, spoiled children. When only Charlie remains, Willy Wonka turns to him and congratulates him for winning the entire chocolate factory. Charlie, Grandpa Joe, and Mr. Wonka enter the great glass elevator, which explodes through the roof of the factory and crashes down through the roof of Charlie’s house, where they collect the rest of the Bucket family.

Tanglewood Stores Case Study

Current Environment Assessment Due to fast growth rate and purchasing of smaller companies, legacy procedures are still found in HR practices among stores. Current polices and procedures managing the human asset must resonant with original mission statement. Competitors The competitor list would be any company that does business in non-durable general retail industry. Specifically, listed in the case study has Kohl’s and Target as competitors but I think that Dillard’s and Saks should also be listed since they align with operating revenue, number of stores and employees.All of these businesses compete for middle to upper income customers. Structure The organization has a tiered hierarchy with multiple levels of management reporting upward while maintaining a participatory management style even down to the departmental managers having the ability to create methods for running the department. Employees There are approximately 215 employees per store. The employees are see n as an essential asset developing and maintaining the values and culture of the organization.Each employee is part of a team and encouraged to suggest operational improvements for the business. Financial rewards are provided to employees with improvements that are chosen for implementation. Leadership shows that every employee is seen as a member of the core work force by offering permanent positions over temporary. Culture and Values The philosophy of the founders is taught at orientation; â€Å"If you tell someone exactly what to do, you’re getting half an employee. If you give omeone the space to make their own decisions, you’re getting a whole person. †Through clear and honest communication (business health or otherwise) plus keeping performance and customer service in forefront, leadership has provided an avenue for employees to be engaged at every level. The process of hiring only dedicated employees on a permanent basis fosters the culture and value of t he company. Human Resource Function 2 level HR process; corporate and store: Corporate level ? analyses data received from individual stores, ? designs policies and programs, sends specific recommendations to the stores (not sure to whom this information flows – it should be the Assistant Manager of Operations and Human Resources) Store level: ? Assistant Manager for Operations and Human Resource staffs the store, trains new hires Recommendations Operations Staff should be consistently managed throughout all stores with a core value with specific policies and procedures with a balance of allowing the continued personalized involvement from the manager.Staff Levels Have a balance between developing current workforce while acquiring key personnel with needed skill set and experience to the higher level core positions. ? Outsource the recruiting and hiring of new employees; use their expertise and compliance tracking capabilities. ? Continue with internal hiring as you develop a nd train the next generation of employees and business success; an employee familiar with company policies is an asset to the company. If current business situations need â€Å"new eyes† look to hiring externally. More companies are catering to the flexible workforce. Provide an environment that has some flexibility as this adds to your benefits of keeping a quality and qualified workforce. ? Create a strategy of cross training using the team environment that is already in place; this will help with minimizing the impact of turnover plus provide a hiring pool as management can have performance evaluations on hand. ? Currently with the size of the business and managing multiple controls;I suggest looking into the benefits of outsourcing the IT department and data analysis locally. Attracting or relocating key personnel through the outsourcing of the potential hiring firm can validate the extent of this need. ? The current position of the business would be to overstaff until it has met the needed results. Once that has been achieved, the business has the ability to develop the extra employees for new roles or let them go. ? I suggest keeping the long-term goals in the forefront while continually measuring the short term goals. The short term goals are easier to reach but it takes focus to keep the business on the long term path. Staffing Quality Multiple levels of job requirements should be identified as minimal tasks to perform; this will aid in the person/job and person/organization match.While some positions may be less task oriented needs, more emphasis would be on necessary personality qualities that adhere to the organization culture and values. ? For your corporate structure I suggest you have specific KSAOs listed as these positions require specific knowledge, skills and abilities. The store manager, assistant store managers and departmental managers should have general KSAOs as their workforce and responsibilities are more apt to have changes on a regular basis. The base of your leadership and management workforce should be exceptional quality the store shift leaders and associates would be listed under the acceptable workforce quality. But with that being said, if you are looking to encourage your staff and have them suggest improvements, there will be some looking to make a career at your organization. You must not lose site that the associates are the first exposure to your customers – if they are not respected or treated well, that will show in their service.I did find a risk with the implementation of improvement suggestions as it is left up to the manager on how it is carried out. The improvement should have metrics assigned and a timeline established for follow up and results provided. ? Actively pursue diversity within your organization; the benefits to this organization will be a well rounded workforce ready to enter into more markets, a deeper understanding of customer needs and the ability to provide oppor tunities for all people.

Implementing ISO 9000 and Investor in People initiatives in working Essay

Implementing ISO 9000 and Investor in People initiatives in working place. Business Initiatiaves - Essay Example In today’s competitive world, every organisation wants to stay ahead of others, for which they strive to run more efficient businesses aimed at achieving maximum benefits using minimum resources. This has led to a formal, structured business process in which an organisation first sets a vision derived from its core values and ethics, develops a business plan based on its goals and priorities and then formulates business strategies to achieve the goals and hence put the business plan in action. A major business plan can often redefine the direction in which the organisation will proceed in the near or distant future (Bianca, 2013). There are several motivators that can cause an organisation to formulate a business plan and develop strategies to implement the plan such as, market-related motivators like, improving customer satisfaction, evolving with changing market dynamics and targeting a new market segment, competition-related motivators like, increasing market share, expandi ng product line, diversifying business, improving product quality, mergers and acquisitions, outperforming competitors and toppling market leaders, economic motivators like, job cuts and pay cuts, increasing market share and sales volume, reducing operational and manufacturing costs and improving productivity, operations-related motivators like, increasing productivity of employees, improving working environment and work culture and adopting new technology, environment-related motivators like, discontinuing using toxic chemicals, reducing pollution and carbon footprint, lowering energy consumption and adopting biomaterials as well as brand-equity motivators like, increasing brand visibility and recognition, creating brand loyalty and improving brand perception and brand image. Sometimes, multiple motivators may closely interact together. For instance, an organisation may decide to reduce its carbon footprint, improve the environment and be eligible for receiving special tax incentiv es from the government. Another organisation may want to introduce several new lines of products to target new market segments, create brand equity and generate more revenues. This means that at the core, every new move that an organisation makes is primarily tied to its commercial benefits. Almost all business plans and strategies are designed privately by organisations in consultation with internal employees. Such parties often tend to focus only on the desired outcomes and ignore the associated negative implications. This leads to achieving the desired goals at the cost of several other exploitations which not only backfire at the organisations, but also harm the entire society. The growing list of poor business plans and strategies of organisations around the world has prompted governments to undertake several measures that help organisations to take a holistic approach during chalking out initiatives, so that all the parties involved (such as, employees, customers and investors ) reap the benefits together. This has led to the creation of several business standards that draw from benchmark business practices in their respective industries and these standards are promoted to organisations for adoption. The adoption of a business standard helps an organisation to

Choosing a Path 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Choosing a Path 1 - Essay Example Marketing is another core component of business. It involves all activities entailed in the communication of the value of the products and services of a business. It entails appealing to the need of the consumer or buyer to take up the target product and not any other alternative. This will equip me with the skills on how to get to increasingly acquire market share. These two business majors are related in that both work together towards meeting the business goal of profitability. I have chosen finance because of the authoritative influence of my father. My father works in the finance department of a private firm. Additionally, he has special interest in the performance of stocks of various companies. Spending more time with him drew me into understanding how to trade in stocks and I am now keen to note any trends in stocks of some companies. Moreover, knowledge on stocks makes conversation with my father flow as we argue on facts that we both understand. He uses his knowledge in finance to assist me in related academic work. He uses such opportunities to convince me to pursue a course in business finance. Strategically, he shares his best experiences in the career and gives examples of other renowned people who have had successful careers in business finance. This made the profession appeal to me, making me keen on mathematics, languages and business education. My elder cousin has been the authoritative figure that made me also consider taking a course in marketing. During my holidays, he would ask me to accompany him as he visits various retail outlets to market the products of the company that he works for. This has made me appreciate some practical aspects of marketing. My cousin is always keen to analyse advertisements and then explain to me the intention and impact of the respective advertisements. This has made me gain some knowledge in marketing, particularly with regards to market segmentation, targeting and advertising in general.

To what extent does digital media encourage antistatic behaviour again Coursework

To what extent does digital media encourage antistatic behaviour again the government - Coursework Example Its usage is not just limited to one part of the world, rather it has seen its usage in parts of the world where there was discontent and dismay felt against the ruling elites. The social media has become an emblem of free expression and the people’s voice. While the other mediums such as the television, radio, and newspaper and publishing is often subjected to the censorship of the governments in the different parts of the world, the social media has seen been able to bring about the like minded people to the platform. This paper looks into the overall role of social media and the modern digital technology that has enabled the people to mobilize. The cases that are to be taken include the examples of Arab Spring, the recently held agitation and dismay against Turkish government, the role of social media in Iran, YouTube ban in number of countries, namely North Korea, China and Pakistan. All these will be looked into with regard to their effectiveness and overall influence on the people’s mind. Governments have often taken actions to ban such activities subject to the internal unrest and policies which they feel should be prolonged. The citizens on the other hand take them for oppressive measures and thereby in revolt make use of all the means that are available to them. Turkey saw severe uprising by the citizens in the recent times. Since they were directed towards the government policies and opposition against it, this in turn led to the resentment amongst the government ranks and they prevented the news of the protestors from reaching the international platforms, and also on the local television channels. Twitter came up to the rescue of the protestors and it was used as the standout platform for the protestors who used it as a platform to not reach out to the fellow members in the different parts of the country, they also allowed the protestors to spread the world abroad on international

Avian influenza Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Avian influenza - Essay Example The swine flu epidemic of 2009 made things look worse. Efforts since then had been consistently attempting to be ever-ready for an influenza epidemic through improving global surveillance and response capacity. The H5N1 avian flu virus was highly pathogenic and had caused disease widely in wild birds and poultry (CDC, 2009). It caused 408 human cases by February 2009. Guidance for testing of suspected human cases infected with pathological avian flu with H5N1 influenza virus were provided. Enhanced surveillance by local and national health care services was to continue. Cases were to be notified to the local and national authorities immediately a presumptive diagnosis is made. Follow-up of cases was a necessity. In the US, information had to be transferred to the CDC (CDC, 2009). Guidelines for diagnosis Testing and reporting guidelines had been established by the CDC. A person diagnosed presumptively with avian flu had to be hospitalized because it could end fatally. Another require ment for hospitalization was that the temperature of the patient would be equal to or more than 38Â °C. The patient could have any other respiratory illness like pneumonia or acute or severe respiratory illness (CDC, 2009). ... The infection was spread through droplet infection when in close contact. Procedure for diagnosis Clinicians needed to notify the local and higher authorities when a person was to be diagnosed using laboratory tests. Specific guidelines were also followed for the clinicians who performed the specimen collection and testing. Protective equipment for the clinicians was to be strictly used to prevent any contamination of the body parts with the suspected or confirmed person with H5N1 virus and when entering the room where aerosol generating procedures have been used where such a patient was lying in (CDC, 2009). The respiratory protector (N-95) filtering face mask, goggles, face shield, latex gloves, gown and head covering were all included (CDC, 2009). In the absence of a particulate respirator, other certified respirators like the NIOSH-certified N-, R-, or P-class respirators could be used. The aerosol-generating procedures could be done only with the N-95 respirator or powered air p urifying respirators (CDC, 2009). Bronchoalveolar lavage was a high-risk aerosol generating procedure which required excellent protection. If the clinician had a beard, a loose-fitting respirator could be used. The virus could be detected from the bronchoalveolar lavage, oropharyngeal swabs, or endotracheal aspirate as these specimens usually had the virus. The nasopharyngeal swab contained lesser virus so lower respiratory specimen should be taken (CDC, 2009). However nasopharyngeal swabs sufficed for detection of influenza viruses A and B. If most virus count needed to be isolated, multiple respiratory specimens from the same patient could be taken on other days too. The

The History of Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The History of Nursing - Research Paper Example In earliest times, nursing was associated with motherly care of infants and was termed as wet nurse. By the 16th century the meaning of nursing meant to attend and care for the sick. (Donahue, pp.4,6) Early myth and beliefs In early times it was believed that nurses required no formal education or training. They were unlicensed doctors, abortionists, midwives and counselors in the western history. For centuries, the nurses passed on their experiences to their neighbors or daughters. They were termed as â€Å"wise women† by the people. One early myth was that women were so trapped by their menstruation and reproduction cycles that they were not independent outside their homes. Another myth was that male professionals had superior technology. These myths were false since women were inherently healers for the poor. It was also found that male professionals depended more on ritualistic practices while women represented more humane approach to healing. (â€Å"Witches, Midwives, an d Nurses:A History of Women Healers†) Early sickness and disease and that change nursing care In early ages medicine and nursing were considered as one. In those times as medicine men developed, they were always associated with an inferior class of practitioners who applied the treatment, judged the quality of drugs and also dressed wounds. These were women nurses who carried practical knowledge of healing. Nurses were those women who received orders from the medicine men to treat patients. (â€Å"A History of Nursing:The Evolution of Nursing Systems from the earliest times†). In the middle ages nursing became important in religious life. The spread of plagues in various times gave rise to demand of nursing. Such women were called â€Å"sisters†. (â€Å"Nursing:Yesterday & Today†) Evolution of Nursing Nurses and Hospitals In Early ages hospitals were built in the heart of cities to serve the poor and isolate patients of contagious diseases like cholera and typhus. Hospitals had poor sanitary system and as a result infections led to high mortality rates among patients. With the development of skilled nursing care along with effective sterilization techniques, hospitals managed to reduce the mortality rate in the last nineteenth century. (Parker, Kreimer & Munasinghe, p.177) Women that Influenced Nursing Jensey Snow was an African American nurse who opened a hospital in Petersburg Virginia in 1820. She provided health care services to the community for the next thirty years (â€Å"History of African American Nurses†). Dorothea Dix was born in the town of Hampden in Maine. She was a teacher. She was also a reformer who brought many changes in the treatment of the mentally ill in the United States. By the age of 54 she inspected many institutions both in the US and in Europe for mistreatments (â€Å"Dorothea Dix†). Clara Burton was an American nurse born in Massachusetts in 1821. From young age, she helped the wounded who n eeded medical care. In 1862, she distributed supplied to the wounded soldiers of Battle of Bull Run. She even used to be present behind the lines during battles and for that reason she was known as â€Å"Angel of the Battefield†. She also founded the American Red Cross (â€Å"Spotlight on Clara Burton, Famous Nurse & American Red Cross Founder†). Lilian Wald who was born in 1867 was a nurse and social worker. She was the founder of American community nursing. She wanted that everyone would recognise

Written Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Written Analysis - Essay Example ar was declared by Austria Hungary on Serbia and it spread rapidly to Russia, Great Britain, France and Germany because they were involved in treaties and hard to defend the nations. The war continued but there came a time when frustrations, depression, demoralization sickness and even hopelessness due to the loss of lives engulfed the troops. But finally the war came to an end in the late falls of 1918 after the involved member countries of the Central Powers signed an armistice agreement. Each of them had to sign. The ending of the war had some significance importance, for instance Germany was severely punished and this led to World War II as many historians tend to believe. There are many articles and books written containing the description of World War and the themes found. In this paper I will try explaining various themes as described by different authors in relation to the issues on gender, war and trauma. The overwhelming loss of loved ones in the First World War led people to become iconic writers like Virginia Woolf, Wilfred Owen, and Sassoon among others. Such writers embraced some form of mysticism in order to cope. They had experienced unexplainable and unimaginable losses of loved ones and trauma in their early lives which helped them is sensitive to losses friends and relatives in the war. They were fascinated with the works of a psychical researchers especially Frederic Myers that included potential extensions of personality for example clairvoyance, telepathy and automatic writing a phenomena that enhanced personality survival discouraged its death. Literature analysis of the First World War literature and psychobiography showed that engagement of the writers with mysticism and spiritualism was not misleading at all but constituted a more ethical, creative and therapeutic form of mourning. It was better than finding solace from state-sanctioned representations of mourning such as war memorials. ‘The Kind Ghosts’ is one of Owens’s most

Oedipus Rex (play) Critique Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oedipus Rex (play) Critique - Movie Review Example This is indicative of his search for his own personal position in the superficial world he has constructed around his identity. E: This quotation proves that Oedipus is destined to find out that he has already harmed himself. He has already lived up to the prophecy that was delivered to him, now he pursues the knowledge that will vindicate the verdict. A: A senator told Creon that he does not stay focused on the actions of his masters. At that moment, Oedipus entered and immediately confronted Creon and asked if he though he was a fool who would immediately defend himself after being accused of murdering the former king. This quotation represents Oedipus’ deployment of defense mechanism as a means of justifying why he could never be implicated in the murder of his father. While at the same time, he deploys the mechanism because he is coming to grips with the conclusion that he could indeed be the murderer. Oedipus is attempting to escape the knowledge of his fulfillment of his preordained fate. While his search for the answer drives him further insane, he feels as if he will never returned to normality until he knows for sure. He escapes the bliss of ignorance out of pure curiosity. Oedipus realized that his self fulfilled prophecy could have been handed down to his daughters who will have no husbands. Hence he seeks their departure with him to a land where he will not be followed by his dreadful past. At this point, Oedipus has accepted his fate and wanted to reveal it to society as a means of self purification. But even then he feels as if the pain is to bearable and travels further down the path of self destruction. This shows that rejection of ones fate forces the individuals to suffer from more pain. If he would have accepted his fate as destiny, he would have been less hard on himself and attributed the wrongful actions to the gods who cast that fate upon

Social Media - important of branding Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Media - important of branding - Assignment Example Stride gum believed that by sponsoring Matt through his world trip, the company would strengthen its brand image and earn sufficient returns (â€Å"Where the Hell is Matt?† 2012). The reason for doing so was two-fold. Firstly, Stride gum argued from the point of view that a significant part of internet users was the millennial generation; the target group. By sponsoring Matt Harding on his world trip, the brand image would reach the target group just by watching the video. In addition, Stride gum acknowledged that marketing information ought to be appealing to prospective consumers. By sponsoring Matt, the information about Stride gum proved to be in line with the environment that the video depicted. Stride gum created a business environment through the jovial feelings that were established by the video. Sponsoring Matt on his world trip was a significant investment for the company that ought to bring sufficient returns to the company. Among the main things that Stride expected to achieve was a large customer base. In the business world, a large customer base reflects high profits. In addition, the company expected its productivity to increase, hence increasing business performance. Stride gum’s case is a sufficient proof that the social media is a valid platform for strengthening the brand

Education and Society Essay Example for Free

Education and Society Essay Education in the United States has become a crucial part of every Americans life. Completing high school opens doors for individual achievement and is directly linked to economic success. But equally important to the completion of high school is a rich and positive experience in the learning process. Educators are skilled in creating great learning experiences and to enhancing the curriculum, while parents are even more influential. Parents are the positive influence for many children who would otherwise be drastically falling behind, failing, or even dropping out of school. The child’s family background, combined with passed down values and experiences will determine the students high school education. The role of technology in early childhood education is an effective tool for students, so the lack of technology in a child’s upbringing can affect their educational career. For example, students who do not begin using various types of technology from kindergarten can fall behind. Studies found that students who are less likely to access technology at home can be at an academic disadvantage. This shows how vital technology is in a childs education, however there is a challenge in making it available to everyone. Particularly low-income or minority college students could have trouble in succeeding in a technology-saturated environment. Some parents dont parents dont understand the importance of Internet access, since in their generation, the Internet was a luxury, not a necessity. However, the bigger issue seems to be the gap between Whites who have access to the Internet and minorities. Studies found that â€Å"56% of Latino adults and 60% of African American can use the Internet,compared to 71% of White adults. The same organization finds that while 42% of white families and 41% of Latino 2 families 666subscribe to broadband access,only 31% of African American households have such access. Even if lower income schools computer labs students need to build their skills at home as well. Early childhood reading for children can bring a positive outcome to a child’s life. What a child learns in their early years are things that will continue to helps them along in their future in school and in the real world. When a child is introduced to early childhood education, they can get many benefits from it. Benefits include learning to interact in new situations, use critical thinking and basic speech skills before kindergarten. According to Maryanne Wolf, â€Å"In most underprivileged communities, no children’s books were found in homes; in the low come to middle income community there were, on average three books; and in the affluent community there were around 200. † Parents need to create an atmosphere where reading takes place in order to show the importance of reading, but low-income families are falling behind. Parents from affluent communities are able to gain access to understanding the importance of reading while parents from lower income don’t have the resources. Its unclear why low income families dont have as many books in the home, but the issue might be attributed to a poor school library, lack of understanding for the importance of books, or the obvious issue with low financial resources to buy books. Parents from different language background and parents who arent literate in English, will likely raise children who have to play catch-up once they enter kindergarten. Reading can’t just happen over night it needs to be developed over time. If books are limited, discussions and thoughts arent spoken out loud, and this can result in problems. Catherine snow of Harvard and her colleagues found that in addition to literacy materials,one of the major contributors to later reading was simply the amount of time for â€Å"talk around dinner† The 3 importance of simply being talked to, read to, and listened to is what much of early development is about†. In a low-income, busy and hard-working parents may not have time to have these simple talks, or even the financial resources to purchase books for there children. These are two important ingredients for a strong educational upbringing that many low-income family parents can not afford. Even though socioeconomic status and the access to technology are key a family’s behavioral and cultural backgrounds have an equal influence on a student. A child is instinctively drawn toward the background of their parents and social settings to learn what is deemed from right to wrong. According to David Brooks â€Å"Educated parents not only pass down resources to their children, they pass down expectations, habits, knowledge and cognitive abilities. Pretty soon you end up with a hereditary meritocratic class that reinforces itself generation after generation†. What David Brooks is saying is that even though the United States has universal access to higher education such as community college but some students may not be â€Å"physiologically prepared and culturally prepared for college†. Children are reaching their parents expectations and are just continuing a cycle. If parents arent showing their support in a educational and motivational sense, kids won’t feel the need to fulfill higher education. The time to instill values of education is not when a child becomes a senior in high school; rather the time to start discussing educational values to a child, is the onset of school, preschool. Education provides an individual their path to a successful future, but only through hard work, dedication and determination is this achievable. Education requires a parent to mold a child into an individual that is capable of contributing effectively to society. The drive to learn must be aroused in children and started at an early age.

Econ103 end term paper Essay Example for Free

Econ103 end term paper Essay

A Multi Ethnic Society Cultural Studies Essay

A Multi Ethnic Society Cultural Studies Essay The linkage between ethnic crises in Nigeria in relation to how the integration of diverse ethnic groups in Nigeria can be attained was the focus of this study. The integration of Nigeria is an issue at boiling point that needs to be urgently and collectively tackled by the Nigerian government and indeed Nigerians; this aroused my interest in the study. Inquiries were made into the effects of ethnic crises on the integration of Nigeria. Struggle for ethnic dominance, leadership problems, resource control, religious differences and undying quest for power, among others, characterized the emergence of ethnic crisis in Nigeria. This study held that the major cause of disintegration in Nigeria could be linked to the frequent and unending ethnic crisis which in turn leads to political and economic disability as no meaningful development could take place in a crises driven society and the existing ones are been destroyed. INTRODUCTION Nigeria is made up of different ethnic units. In actual fact, it is a multi-ethnic society. According to Gaye (1999) the integration problem in Nigeria is likely one of the most complex in the world. Nigeria is Africas most populated country with over 250 ethnic groups on a land area of 923,768 sq km (2008 Mongobay world statistics) with over 140 million population, none of the three main ethnic groups which are the Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo constitutes a majority of the population (Gaye 1999). With over 520 languages spoken (Ethnologue 2009) it is of no doubt that Nigeria is truly a multi-ethnic Nation. Nigeria was created during the British colonial rule. It was established in 1914 when Lord Fredrick Lugard (the First Governor General) joined the two British protectorates of Southern and Northern Nigeria and Lagos as the crown colony into a single entity in other to promote unity and development. Nigeria gained independence in October 1960 and had since experience much of Military intervention in its political affairs. Since the current return to civil rule in May 1999, there had been over 150 ethno-religious conflicts resulting in tremendous loss of lives and properties (Eliagwu 2004). Religious membership in Nigeria is strongly tied to ethnicity. Ancient Nigeria comprises of many religions which are practiced by different ethnic groups, but all this religions had since been overpowered by Islam and Christianity with only a few practicing the Traditional Nigerian Religion. According to the Nigeria census report (2003); 50.4% of Nigerian population practice Islam, 48.2% practice Christianity while 1.4% practice the Traditional Nigerian religion. In terms of major ethnic-religious memberships Islam mainly dominates the Northern (Hausa) part of Nigeria; Christianity is prevalent in the Southern (Yoruba and Igbo) part of Nigeria while in the Southwest there is no leading religion. According to Emenloye (2011), there is usually an inseparable linkage between ethnic and religious conflicts in a multi-ethnic society such as Nigeria where ideals of federalism and constitutionalism are still in transition. Conflicts as a result of ethno-religious tensions are not new in Nigeria, but the unending occurrence makes it an issue that requires urgent attention if Nigeria is to remain integrated as a Nation. Ideally; the spirit of federation, patriotism and nationalism is expected to override all ethnic, tribal or religious affiliation of Nigerians. Unfortunately, this is not the case as most conflicts were based on ethnic or religious identity (Emenloye 2011). It is notable that the number of such conflicts in recent years is clearly much higher than those that had previously occurred in the history of the country (Oke Ogunde, 2002). According to Nwaobi Godwin (2009), this ethno-religious disunity has disturbed, complicate and had made every developmental effort undertaken by government to be unrealizable. This was what prompt Martin Ike (2009) to posit that Nigeria effort at achieving national integration have remain largely unrealized. STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM The combination of ethnicity with religion had since put Nigeria into unrest. Since its independence in 1960, Nigeria has struggled with the challenges of managing its religious and political differences. The major test of Nigerias ability to manage this diversity and promote national integration has been ethno-religious conflicts and there devastating effects on the Nigerian polity (Emeye 2011). The concept of ethnicity and religion cannot be separated in the explanation of social conflicts but at this end it is important to separate the two words ethnicity and religion in other to be able to trace the problems back to the roots so as to be able to get a clear understanding of the research problems. Though fused together and inter-woven, one must note that not all ethnic motivated crises in the Nigerian polity has religious undertone and not all religious motivated crises as an ethnic undertone though they mostly come side by side. Problems of ethnic conflicts in the Nigerian polity. Ever since Nigeria attained independence from the British colony in 1960, The Nation had since been battling with integration as a result of inter-ethnic cum religious conflicts. Will it then be right to posit that the colonial existence of Britain in Nigeria and the force associated with colonialism united the entity called Nigeria before independence? It is worthy of note that the Biafra conflicts which almost divided the nation started in 1967 which is a few years after independence. The conflicts lasted for almost 3years because the eastern states attempted to break away from Nigeria. To be factual, most of the ethnic conflicts which rage Nigeria today could be traced to the events which took place while Nigeria was under the colonial rule of Britain. However, Nigeria still ignorantly continued to tread that path till this present day. It is important to note that the entity called Nigeria does not exist before colonialism, what existed was many different scattered communities and tribes in which some of their territories even over-lapsed the geographical territory of the present day Nigeria. The different ethnic groups which had different beliefs, cultures, religious practices and languages where all brought together by Britain to form a nation without seriously considering the characteristics of these groups and how they could peacefully co-exist. These ethnic nationalities on the other hand do not legitimately see themselves as a citizen of one united Nigeria but as that of whichever ethnic groups they originate. So from beginning the patriotic spirit needed to move the nation forward was lost because the ethnic groups never agreed and were not willing to co-exist. So ever since after independence in 1960, Nigeria had been battling to cope with different inter-ethnic crises arising as a result of trying to force fully co-exist together as one indivisible entity as it was established in 1914 before independence. These seems unrealizable, due to the faulty foundation on which Nigeria was established as some ethnic groups still desire to break away from the present entity called Nigeria. However, the economic system of Nigeria is another contributing factor to frequent ethnic crises. The economic system introduced to Nigeria from inception was not in-line with the political system of a country with such historical developments as Nigeria. The capitalist economic system that was introduced creates high level of competition and strives for economic relevance among the amalgamated regions. Every individual since then and till present day, strive for the development of its own affiliated region not the development of a united Nigeria, therefore division became further drawn along the lines of ethnicity. Worst still, the ever un-sincere and bias constant intervention of the western world due to their own selfish driven interest, in the political-economic affairs of Nigeria had continually led to nothing but chaos among the Nigerian ethnic groups. Nigeria as a sovereign nation needs no external interference, and should be independent to run its affairs in the ways and manners it deems fit. Nigeria is a nation with many mineral resources like crude oil, which is needed by developed nations to survive. The favors and special treatment in terms of loans, aids and grants to one region because of what they stand to gain from such regions had continued to set Nigeria ethnic groups against one another. A good point of reference is the constant and undying interest of the western powers in the oil rich south-south, Niger-delta region of Nigeria due to its richness in crude-oil and the outright neglect of Northern Nigeria which does not possess such vital mineral resources they need. Invariabl y whenever there are crises in these regions, the western powers takes sides and this tends to guarantee the re-occurrence and prolong such crisis. Further-more, the style of governance imposed on Nigeria was totally unfit for a multi-ethnic society like Nigeria. According to Katy, (2008) Britain imposed a west-minister style of government which was totally different from the ways the diverse ethnic groups formerly governed themselves. This included the starting of political parties; it is notable that various parties under the British rule were often made up of members of specific tribes and this concept exist till date in Nigeria as political parties are formed on the basis of ethnicity and not national interest. Nigeria currently has over 60 different political parties. During colonialism, it is important to note that political parties and groups despite their different aims and objectives once shared a common goal: which is to get autonomy from the British colonialist. This became their major national interest and for that short-while, tribes were united under a common aim. Once independence was gained it became evidently cl ear that Nigeria was not naturally a nation; no wonder Nigeria had to battle with civil war from 1967-1970. The systems in place were not really established to deal with such large amount of ethnic groups. Politics till date in Nigeria is base on ethnicity, instead of the parties coming together to share common aim, they all tread the path of regionalism. The natural order of regions, division along tribal lines with each ethnic groups striving for political-economic relevance and superiority had continually result to constant conflicts. In recent years, since the return to democratic rule in May 1999, ethnic crises in Nigeria had been a more constant phenomenon and had since been inevitable due to the lucrativeness attached to politics and democracy in Nigeria. To be factual Nigerian political system and political offices are too profitable for any ethnic group not to strive for power dominance and recognition. Nigeria practices federalism in written but not in its true context, the Federal Government oversees the entire resources and regulates the economic affairs of the Nation while resources are been distributed to the states and local councils on a monthly basis. The political elites of each ethnic group had since view control of the central as an automatic way to selfishly enriched themselves and maybe also better the living standards of the people of their community. Each ethnic group passionately strive hard to be in the realm of power, to be able to regulate national affairs at the center and are not willing to settle for anything less thereby making politics a do or die affair. Each region in Nigeria have their own dreaded groups: the Odua peoples congress (o.p.c) fighting for the interest of the west, Militants and so called freedom fighters in the east and south-south and the most dreaded one recently tagged a terrorist group by the united states, which is also currently threatening the unity and peaceful co-existence of the Nation is the Boko-haram sects in the North. This sect is responsible for the recent bombing of the United-Nations house in Nigeria as well as other recent insurgents in the country. The sects had since constantly and are not ready to give up in terrorizing the unity of Nigeria until the south-south region currently in hold of the federal power releases it to the North, so also are other regions clamoring for this same power. The challenges of Nigeria regarding integration are that Nigerians no longer view Nigeria as their own entity. The sense of patriotism needed to unite and fast track developments in the country had been long lost. According to Katy, (2008) a Nation cannot be created by simply drawing of lines on a map, it must be to some extent a natural product of the unity of its population. Problems of religious conflicts in the Nigerian polity: Religious conflicts are as old as ethnic conflicts. Religion is a double edged sword which could serve as an instrument of social integration or serve as a motivation for violence (Maregere 2011). With endless religious cum ethnic conflicts in the Nigerian polity, religion has served more as an instrument and motivation for violence than for social harmony. Over the years the relationship between ethnic and religious groups had grown worse. Religion in Nigeria had become a divisive issue that creates a growing conflict flash point (shadrack 2001). A brief analysis of the background reasons behind those religious conflicts in Nigeria will help the purpose of this research and also create a better understanding of the situation. Religious intolerance, fanatics and extremism is the basis of religious crises on which other causes of religious violence rest upon. This implies the strict obedience and faithfulness to the doctrines of a religion. Often times modernization is been used to weaken original religious teachings to encompasses intolerance. This involves the obstinate and bias devotion to ones opinions and prejudices especially the exhibition of intolerance and hatred towards persons of differing beliefs (baird and rosenbaum 1999). According to Abdul Balogun (1988:166) religious intolerance is the hostility towards other religions as well as the inability of religious adherents to harmonize between the true principles and practical aspects of a religion. However, the wrong scriptural interpretations by some selfish and shallow-minded religious leaders according to Ahmad (2008) gives wrong impression about other religions because of the wrong religious orientation been impacted on the religious faithful. This make people to be used indirectly for violence without knowing they are been used, especially when religious leaders and Nigerian political elites lack the power and support to gain access to something they hide under the shadow of religion (Usman 1987). Religious dominance, struggle for relevance and superiority among religious groups is another problem of religious conflicts in Nigeria. The introduction of Sharia doctrine in some Nigeria Muslim populated states had always been forcefully rejected by other religious groups. The Islamist claimed that the introduction of Sharia principles in the states will put a stop to bad acts such as corruption, rape, alcohol consumption, kidnapping, bad dressing and other evil things which are believed to be done by other religious faithful in the states. The governments felt that such behaviors will pollute the minds of Islamic faithful whose population dominates the states. This met stiff resistance by other religious faithful who claim that it is an attempt to turn Nigeria into an Islamic nation and put a stop to other religions, this in turn spark up religious conflicts in Nigeria. The unreasonable statements and publications by religious elites in the media had always spark up unending conflicts among different religious groups who feel insulted by such publications and adversely react angrily. Example of such conflicts occurred in 1999 as a result of the intentional wrong spelling of an Islamic word on the cloth of a Muslim faithful by a tailor in Kano state Nigeria. The tailor removed two alphabets from the word spelling; meanwhile the two letters he omitted from the word changed the meaning of the word which is now interpreted as an insult to Muslims. this made the Muslims angry as it later broke out into a serious religious conflicts. Another good illustration is the religious conflict that happened in Nigeria in 2001 a result of a comment in the media by an unbeliever regarding Islam as a religion of pieces instead of peace This statement is an insult, bad and unreasonable. The Islamic youths and faithful were annoyed and this lead to conflicts as such st atements and publications had always led to religious conflicts in Nigeria. The lack of punishments for past offenders who had intentionally caused chaos among religious groups in Nigeria had constantly brought about conflicts. The religious groups seek revenge by themselves for the killings and damages done to them by other religious groups. The recommendations of previous probe committees set up by government are not been implemented. This makes it looks as if offenders will go unpunished and it encourages more conflicts in the country. The fusion of politics with religion by most political actors in Nigeria is another problem. Most times during elections, contesters of various political offices tends to hide under religious tenets to get their votes which makes them to be loyal to such religious groups when they get to power. They therefore involve in religious activities and this brings hatred among religious groups as the opposition candidate will hide under another religious group during the next elections. The dirty game of politics is been brought into religion and this foster conflicts. RESEARCH QUESTIONS To this extent it becomes imperative to inquire into the basis of ethno-religious crisis and how true nation-hood can be attained in Nigeria via the following research questions: Why has ethno-religious conflict affect integration in Nigeria? Why did ethno-religious relationship worsen in Nigeria? How has the Nigerian government been making efforts to re-integrate Nigeria? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This research aims to proffer solutions to the problems confronting Nigeria integration. This study therefore essentially seeks to examine how ethno-religious conflicts have led to the disintegration of Nigeria. This work seeks to analyze and evaluate ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria, in other to determine the extent of their relevance and irrelevance to the problem of Nigerias integration. However emphasis will be placed on finding out the attitude of the governments towards preventing constant ethno-religious conflicts as well as the strategy government adopts in tackling the remote causes of various ethnic or religious identity motivated crisis in the country in other to checkmate if not eradicate future occurrences. More so, this study will examine the efforts of government in re-integrating Nigeria. The significance of this study cannot be under-estimated as attempts will be made to bring out recommendations to the Nigerian government, which if adopted may establish a better peaceful co-existence among the diverse ethnic and religious groups in Nigeria, aimed at re-awaken the consciousness of national unity. On a final note this research seeks to contribute to the academic world as the problems hindering integration in countries with high level of multi-ethnicity and religious beliefs like Nigeria will be explored. RESEARCH METHOD The nature of this research will be qualitative, in other to reasonably accomplish the task set out in this study. According to Myers (1997), it is an inductive approach of gaining deeper understanding of a social and cultural phenomenon. Qualitative research is based on gathering deep understanding and knowledge about human behaviors, the foundational reasons behind such behaviors and decision making. The researcher often infers knowledge base on constructivist perspectives (Creswell, 2003). This form of research is necessary in this study because it will investigate why and how the conflicts happen, not just where, what and when. It involves the use of inductive reasoning by observing datas in other to develop a generalization which will explain the relationships between the variables observed. ( Schriver 2001) This study will involve the use of historical and content analysis, to discover facts and gain further insights since the study seeks to enhance the understanding of how ethnic conflicts disintegrates Nigeria and also aims to recommend possible solutions aim at solving the integration problem in Nigeria. Method of data collection This study would make use of secondary data collection. The research will be base on review from several works. Sources of data will include: Official documents: Like communiquà ©s, correspondences, government policies and international agendas. Newspaper and media: The reports, speeches, figures, internet and papers delivered by stake-holders will be used, but the internet will be discreetly used to avoid bias as events will be checked from different sources in other to validate its authenticity. Publications: In form of books, thesis and article in journals. All the information gathered will be analyze in a systematic way hence it deals with complex social issues. All the information gathered will be written down and analyze systematically, hence it deals with complex social issues. . This type of research does not carry out its interpretation in numbers instead it is carried out through visual data presentation in the form of maps, photographs and diagrams indicating how ideas are conveyed and relate all the works within the framework of the subject matter. Method of data analysis: According to Marshall and Rossman (1989) Historical analysis will be useful in obtaining background and knowledge of previous unexamined areas and re-examining questions for which answers are not as definite as desired. Data would be interpreted through historical and content analysis. The analysis will be done using speeches, text books, policy statements, journals, local and international magazines, internet, articles, federal government reports, and communiquà ©s and so on. The analysis will look into the roots and basis of ethnic and religious crises in Nigeria, how such crisis had threatened the integration of Nigeria as a nation, the relationship between ethnic and religious crises, as well as look into the efforts of government in re-integrating Nigeria. The historical analysis will pave way in getting a clear understanding of why conflicts occurred in the past, gain some certainty of the facts, establish the reasons and effects between those facts so that one can understand the relationships between variables which will help in getting solutions to the problems of this research. THEORECTICAL FRAMEWORKS The theories of ethnic identity conflicts in political literatures are the theory of Primordialism, Instrumentalism and theory of Social Constructivism. These theories are used to explain ethnic conflicts (Esman1994). The primordials theory best fits into the conflicts situation in Nigeria and that of other nations with multi ethnic groups as it brings to our knowledge how difference in ethnic identities always results to crises. However the instrumentalist and social constructivist views will be used to back up the view of the primordials in the ways they reflect on the Nigerian conflict situation. This framework focuses on the primordialism theory of conflicts. The primordialism theory of conflicts can be traced to the philosophical ideas of German Romanism particularly in the works of Johan Gottlied Fichte,(1792) and Johan Gottfried Herder, (1792) it was popularly propounded by Donald Horowitz.(1996) Primordialism in relation to ethnicity as posited by Fichte and Herder (1792) is that ethnic groups and nationalities exist because there are traditions of beliefs and action towards primordial objects such as biological factors and territorial locations. Primordials are of the view that ethnic identity is fixed once it is constructed; this concept established that difference in customs form the basis for national disunity in most multi-ethnic nations. Donald Horowitz (1985) and Steven Grosby (1994) posits that ethnic factions will do anything to preserve and protect the language, beliefs, territory, background and cultures against external forces; in a competitive society, threats and sense of danger usually meets strong resistance which brin gs conflict. primordialism remains influential in identifying the strength of ethnic ties and peoples commitment to the ethnic alliances of their own immediate ethnic groups. Primordials believes that an irreconcilable difference due to diverse orientation and cultural background causes the fear that begets conflict. To the primordial, conflict experienced during the Nigerian civil war in 1967 and other ethnic conflicts was unarguably due to difference in norms, cultures, traditions, backgrounds and beliefs which brings rivalries between ethnic groups. The theory of instrumentalism in this framework is balancing the primordials theory in the aspect of leadership interest in ethnic conflicts as it touches some aspects in the Nigerian conflict situation. Instrumentalism became prominent in 1960s and 70s in the works of Anthony Smith. It is mainly on ethnic persistence as an effective melting point to ethnic issues. This theory focused on the actions of community and regional leaders who used their ethnic groups as site of mass mobilization in competing for dominance, power and resources. Such leaders hide under the shadows of ethnicity to brain-wash and set there subordinates against other ethnic race in other to realize there individual goals. The Instrumentalist believes that if ethnicity is not viewed as instrumental identities which are means to a particular end there will be no crisis, theyre of the position that there is more to ethnic crises other than relevance. A good illustration is some leaders of the Niger-delta region in Nigeria who sponsored militancy groups to terrorize other ethnic groups and the country at large while there major aim is to gain control of crude-oil in the area. Also supporting the Primordials theory in this framework is the theory of social constructivism which was formalized by Jean Piaget (1975) through the accommodation and assimilation principles. Social constructivism view ethnic crises base on the unwillingness of ethnic groups to accommodate and assimilate each others principles. According to Jean (1975) Ethnic groups cannot integrate until they are genuinely ready to shift grounds for one another by willing to accommodate the good and ugly of each other, and are as well ready to assimilate each others principles, beliefs and way of life. Jean believes that if the components of this theory could be applied by ethnic groups then ethnic conflicts might no longer occur constantly. The primordialism theory is the major theory of this framework while social constructivism and instrumentalism theory tends to balance and back-up the major framework. All these views put together better explains the indebt reason behind ethno-religious conflicts among the over 250 ethnic groups in Nigeria.

lorraine hansberry-an annotated bibliography :: essays research papers fc

Lorraine Hansberry: An Annotated Bibliography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lorraine Vivian Hansberry was born May 19, 1930 in Chicago and raised in a middle-class family. When Hansberry was only eight years old she had her first experience with civil rights. Her father fought a lengthy legal battle in the late 1930’s against harsh covenants which kept Chicago’s blacks in the ghettos. To make a statement the family moved into an all white neighborhood which was against the law at that time. The house was often vandalized and the children were faced with hostility as they walked to and from school. Hansberry’s father fought the city’s Jim Crow laws all the way to the Supreme Court and won. This whole experience would later serve as an inspiration for Lorraine Hansberry’s play â€Å"A raisin in the Sun†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hansberry attended the University of Wisconsin for two years and then studied painting in Chicago and Mexico, before she realized she had no talent for it. Moving to New York in 1950, she held many jobs, while perfecting her skill as a writer. Hansberry said, â€Å"A woman who is willing to be herself and pursue her own potential runs not so much the risk of loneliness as the challenge of exposure to more interesting men- and people in general†. She became involved in the civil rights movement and married a white jewish man; their marriage would only last a few years before Hansberry began exploring her feelings for women. She joined the Daughter of Blitis, a pioneering lesbian organization and had two letters published in their journal, â€Å"The Ladder†. However, it was for her play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun†, that she received her praise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hansberry was the first black to direct a play on Broadway since 1907. â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† won the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award. Hansberry was also named

Victorian Language Essay examples -- Victorian Era

Victorian Language The fact of the matter: â€Å"Nobody speaks at all like the characters in any novel, play or film. Life would be intolerable if they did; and novels, plays or films would be intolerable if the characters spoke as people do in life† (Abercrombie 1965). So what was the real way of speech? Fiction was generally thought to be an accurate portrayal of reality; â€Å"true life† (Chapman 1). It was unfavorable if it stressed credulity too far. Therefore, fiction is our main source of information; it is our main source to the reality of speech for the Victorians. Greater mobility and expansion of communication of the Victorian era brought together regional groups, thus increasing the complexity of the variations in the English language. Consequently, pronunciation evolved as an indicator of social prestige (Chapman 6-8). Two categories of speech developed: Standard and Non-Standard speech. Formation of Standard Speech vs. Non-Standard Speech The Education Act of 1870 established the school as a ‘melting pot’ for upper and middle class children and the speech boundary had to be resolved. Thus a uniform accent (Standard speech) was created and pupils who refused to accept this new accent or who could not adapt to this new way of speech were severely punished. Peer pressure was also an issue because the new boy would have to adapt to the new form of speech in order for his peers to accept him or to merely avoid bullies (Chapman 12). Non-Standard Speech This type of speech was also synonymous with lower class slang, â€Å"cockney† or the way in which the ‘uneducated’ communicated, specific to the East End (Chapman 19). The infamous â€Å"cockney† was native to the East End, as remains today. Cockney dialect allowed spelling and ... ... word ‘affidavit,’ yet Rogue Riderhood mispronounces it as an â€Å"Alfred David† (Dickens 12). Therefore, language in the Victorian era was important in ranking members of classes and occupations. Language had the potential to assess and reflect upon one’s regional, educational, occupational and family background. The distinctions in speech amongst three different social ranks are evident in the following excerpt from an adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South. Episode 1, Clip 3. http://www.bbc.co.uk/drama/northandsouth/episode1.shtml Works Cited Chapman, Raymond. Forms of Speech in Victorian Fiction. New York: Longman, 1994. Dickens, Charles. Our Mutual Friend. 1865. Introduction and notes Adrian Poole. New York: Penguin, 1997. Phillipps, K.C. Language and Class in Victorian England. Ed. David Crystal. New York: Basil Blackwell Inc, 1984.

Flannery O’Connor’s use of the Protagonist Essay -- essays research pa

Flannery O’Connor’s use of the Protagonist Flannery O’Connor’s use of the protagonist in the three stories â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge†, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, and â€Å"Revelation† are all expressed through characters that do not fit the typical protagonist mold. As you will see the three protagonists have many similarities. Mrs. Turpin and Julian’s mothers similarities are out in the open and easy to recognize. On the other hand the grandmother’s similarities are more subdued, but she does share them with the other women. There are many commonalties between the protagonists in the stories by Flannery O’Connor. First physically, they are all elderly women. All three are mothers of boys. Another likeness is the women and their sheer physical presence. â€Å"In Everything Rises Must Converge† Julian’s mother walks on the bus and immediately begins to control the conversation. People seem to feed off her commentaries. These commentaries are usually on the basis of racism. As she states when she notices that there are no black people on the bus, â€Å"I see we have the bus to ourselves.†(p.344) Mrs. Turpin is almost the exact same way as Julian’s mother. The only difference between the two is that Mrs. Turpin was waiting in a doctor’s office. She too seems like she is the one who is in command of the conversation. The same holds true for the grandmother in A Good Man is Hard to Find. She continues a conversation with a man that is has murdered her family and threat ening t...

Hunting and Animals Essay

Charles Dickens once said, â€Å"There is a passion for hunting something deeply implanted in the human breast. † I agree with this quote. Hunting is very exciting and fun. However, many disagree with me. No one rides the fence though. You either think that hunting is good or that hunting is bad. What do you believe? Do you think hunting is positive or negative? I believe hunting is good because it helps feed those in need, it helps control the population of wild animals, and it helps farmers who may have animals on their land they want to get rid of. A lot of people look at hunting and think of all the gruesome things we are going to do to Bambi. They never stop to think about what the hunter is doing with the game. Hunters aren’t just killing animals for fun, they use the meat to either eat or donate it. Several hunters give their game to people in need. They donate their meat to homeless shelters or food banks for less fortunate people that might not be able to afford to put enough food on the table. That way the people in need will be able to have a little bit extra on their plate. Hunting also helps control the population of wild animals. You can only hunt during a certain period of time during the year so that the animals are able to reproduce and won’t become extinct. You are also limited to the amount of game you can get. That way it won’t become a chaotic free-for-all and protects the animals from being wiped out. However, if hunting wasn’t legal, the population of wild animals would skyrocket. This would cause a boost in the already high number of car crashes due to animals, such as deer standing in the middle of the road. According to State Farm, an estimated 1. 5 million vehicles collide with deer in the United States. This caused over $1. 1 billion in property damage. These crashes also caused several injuries and deaths. Hunters must also pay to get their hunting license. The money they spend for their licenses go back to the conservation of the environment. Finally, hunting also gets rid of unwanted pests. Several animals annoy farmers and other land owners by messing with the farmer’s crops. Animals will go through the fields and eat the crops that the farmers can go out of business because the crops aren’t plentiful or good enough. For this reason we need hunters because farmers wouldn’t be able to succeed and all of us would suffer because the less crops coming into the stores, the more money the stores are going to ask for the customers to pay for the product. So actually vegetarians depend on hunters. Most vegetarians buy their vegetables from local stores. Hunters get rid of the animals that would ruin the food vegetarians would buy. Many people think hunting is wrong simply because they don’t look at the benefits that come with hunting. Hunting has many benefits including feeding others, controlling wildlife population, and helping farmers get rid of unwanted pests. For most hunters, the reward isn’t killing animals, it’s knowing they helped people that may not be able to survive or succeed without them. That’s what boosts my passion to hunt.

Manager Vs. Leader

impressive loss leaders continually ask questions, look into all levels of the organization for information, testing their give perceptions, and rechecking the facts. They talk to their constituents. They want to know what is work and what is not. They keep an open mind for serendipity to puzzle out them the knowledge they need to know what is true. An valuable source of information for this sort of leader is knowledge of the failures and mistakes that are being do in their organization. To survive in the 21st century, we are going to need a new(a) generation of leaders, ot managers.The distinction is an authoritative one. leadership conquer the context, the turbulent, ambiguous environs that sometimes seem to conspire against us and will surely suffocate us if we let them while managers surrender to it. Leaders investigate reality, taking in the relevant factors and analyzing them carefully. On this basis they produce plentys, concepts, plans, and programs. Managers t ackle the truth from others and implement it without probing for the facts that notice reality. There is profound difference a chasm between leaders and managers. A full anager does things right.A leader does the right things. Doing the right things implies a name and address, a direction, an objective, a vision, a dream, a path, a reach. Lots of people conk their lives climbing a ladder and then(prenominal) they get to the top of the wrong wall. or so losing organizations are over-managed and under-led. Their managers accomplish the wrong things attractively and efficiently. They climb the wrong wall. Managing is close to efficiency. ahead(p) is about effectiveness. Managing is about how. Leading is about what and why. focusing is about systems, controls, procedures, olicies, and structure. leading is about hope about people. Leadership is about innovating and initiating. Management is about copying, about managing the status quo. Leadership is creative, adaptive, and a gile. Leadership looks at the horizon, not yet the bottom line. Leaders base their vision, their speak to to others, and their integrity on reality, on the facts, on a careful estimate of the forces at play, and on the trends and contradictions. They develop the means for ever-changing the original balance of forces so that their vision can be realized.A leader is person who has the capacity to create a have vision that takes people to a new place, and to translate that vision into action. Leaders develop other people to them by enrolling them in their vision. What leaders do is inspire people, give them. They pull rather than push. This pull expression of leadership attracts and energizes people to enroll in a vision of the future. It motivates people by helping them identify with the task and the goal rather than by rewarding or punishing them. Managers difference may be summarized as activities of vision and Judgment ffectiveness versus activities of know routines efficie ncy

The Evolution of Racial Inequality

Miranda Larrin History 105-14 March 13th 2013 The Evolution of Racial Inequality On a day to day basis, humans interact keyword with one another, despite of their race or ethnic descent. However, that is not the way it has always been. Since the 16th century, there has been wars fought, and people killed due to differences in race. Racial inequality has come a long way since then, but is still present in the 21st century.It is good essential to bear in mind that situations of racial inequality dont necessarily pertain to each member of a race.The important question of the matter is what does it matter? The term â€Å"race† came from racism itself. Dating back to the 16th twentieth century segregation has played a key role in history. Not only for the United States, but worldwide.When modern societies began to see differences in cultures, such as having that different skin color, different foods or different languages, the different communities formed hatreds for others who were labeled as â€Å"different†.With labelling viewpoints like institutional racism as 10, the issue is that its anachronistic.

The Europeans began moving the Herrera’s to concentration camps to kill them, all for land. In the 1940’s Hitler wanted to form a new order of pro Nazi Germany. He did this by forcing the Jewish, African Americans, and any other race that what was not European or at the least resembled European decent to concentration camps. Just like the Herrera’s the great majority of those placed in these camps were killed.Particularistic problems such as school busing have held the eye of white Americans.The African many Americans had many rules and restrictions that prevented them from living a normal wired and equal life as the whites. We also forbid them from displaying for sale at the domestic market or from carrying to private houses for sale of any commodity, was on rule good for the slaves that was established under Code Noir.Slavery was made illegal after the American Civil war in the 1860’s. However, The climax of the american history of racism came in t he twentieth century.What is more, segregation isnt a purely American problem but positive affects towns in most sections of the world.

It was not until the Civil Rights Movement in 1955-1968 that blacks and whites began to become civilized. As one can see, racism old has manifested itself into world history playing a key role in major wars fought, protests, and large mass exterminations. Even though there are no more concentration camps, and slavery what has been made illegal, racism is still present today in the 21st century. Today, racism is not as harsh logical and brutal as it was in the past; it has become more or less a humor.Nobody nobody knows just what to do about racial inequality.A common form of humor is a meme. A meme is a typographic joke. Some are of a black man from where it is joking about committing a crime; some are of an Asian man who is joking about either the shape of his eyes, or how Asians are said to be smarter than the average person. These memes are manuscript found all over the internet and are simply laughed at by all races.Historical racial inequality is complicated to counteract.

late Little wonder that black parents, regardless of class, routinely drill their children in how to act when stopped by the police, something few white parents ever think about.Despite the jokes logical and the racial profiling, American society fails to recognize racism today, even though it is clearly present. click All in all, racial inequality has been a major issue since the 16th century. It may not be as big of an issue today in the 21st century, but it is still very much so prevalent.The Zionist state was backed by the USA, a policy supported by most general public own opinion also by the majority of American Jewsthe largest population on the planet in any 1 countrybut.(Princeton University Press) Peabody, Sue. † Slavery, Freedom, and Law in The Atlantic World†. (Boston: Bedfords/St. Martins) Rosenburg, Paul.Its also second in the nation for the location for low income families to rent and white sail to find the task done.

Martins) [ 2 ]. George Fredrickson, Racism, A Short History. (Princeton University Press) [ 3 ]. Paul Rosenburg, Birth Certificates and Unconscious Racism.Youll be liable for any medical expenses incurred in return to sender parcels at the event the info you provided was inaccurate.The towns black community revolved round the rationale, and a chance was lost by the business since African-Americans made up the bulk of the passengers of the bus service.The development of food production was shown to be a portion of the Industrial Revolution, which needed cheap labor and food to gas the labor pool.

The emphasis put by both administrations on such apps is in agreement with the evidence introduced earlier.Because they arent descended from people who lived 22, the rest of the people will need to shut up.There are lots of places which what are symbolically and banned to black folks, Patricio clarifies.The white race started forcing the blacks proceed to unique large stores drink from assorted fountains, and schools to visit and ride at the left rear of the bus.

Irobot – Technology Taking over Humanity

automaton applied science winning e real in both oer effectuate engineering Is pickings everywhere hu patchity. This formulate Is man proved to a greater consummation and to a greater extent as engineering science develops and the long time go by. It is more deeply luffn with and with the impression, golem. The briny core of this flick is to show how our society sack transmit to be in solely dependant on engine room if we shine none on ameliorate it in umpteen contrasting vogues much(prenominal) as robotic healthybox single let ons, robotic systems and robots to do terrestrial influence for populace. The advances In engine room argon astonishing to roughly(prenominal) extent and ar wholly forever-changing owe we valet de chambre hold water and really, argon pitch lives.M some(prenominal) years ago, you didnt detect legion(predicate) raft getting metal renal pelvis counter channelizements, or any other(a) consist ency character replaced by some man shuffling car or object. Its fit a frequent function to aro utilization to piddle up on the ashes and swear on utensil. As this progresses, in the end charit competents pass on prolong to be fit to replace dust split and essentially, transport the biography story-time of a charitable be and could be considered robots. domain shortly hope on regardful robotic separate to recompense up part of their bodies which atomic number 18 non on the job(p) to the rightfulness potential.To produce the diametric comprehends much(prenominal)(prenominal) as hearing, doctors surgically engraft an electric automobile pull that provides a sense of sound to a person which is deep deaf. A optical prosthetic fraud is a ocular de delinquency intend to pertain useable resourcefulness in those damage from incomplete or bestow blindness. Robotics be employ to engraft financial backing cells, tissues or organs from mili tary personnel to tender-heartedkind or merciful to physical or depravity versa. umteen concerns whitethorn puzzle with this such as the transferring different diseases or whitethornbe the ill fortune of transplant. Diseases argon ore commonalityplace In semitransp bent.Semitransp arnt Is the transplantation of physical structure part from animal to forgiving or vice verses. Alternations is slight tempestuous as it is the transplant of proboscis separate to and from the equal species. electric organ husbandry or pull together refers to the removal, conservation and use of human organs or tissues from the recently deceased person to the living. This steering of thrift the great unwasheds lives has puzzle really common peculiarly in the departed sonorously a(prenominal) years. horizontal though all these backups of consistency move and systems ar operational to all tribe, the prices ar ere dear(p) hence it is step up of fall in for gal ore(postnominal) a nonher(prenominal) people who do not hand the bullion for It.It may be deliverance peoples lives scarcely not for all. If we prize intimately it, the single part of our bodies that would be very hard to sham and make water as a apparatus would be the judgement. It is besides the rifle piece of our bodies separating adult male from universe wholly a robot. As applied science progresses, it allow be possible to pull in something that Is occlude to the focal shew a brain operates. all told this Is designate In the mental picture of Robot. We merchantman understandably look into that robots lay down taken 1 moody ever the military man lives in the movie and that we in brief at long last result buzz off worry that without attention.The kin amid our liveness and the Robot spirit is shown through the course robots lead been do satisfactory to our both need. With the robots live we argon able to take their functions and ma ke them our own, to back up us when we are in need. minute by piece, soon the human bole all in all exit engender gondola functioned. The rectifyments to having these robotic replacements are that populace provideing take on a time-consuming life expectancy. This is in addition a downside as it is contend with the way life is fence to be.Another advantage is that it would unless lives. in that respect are so many people out thither hold for transplants further if applied science at long last got to a point whither proboscis split and decisive organs were beingness make we would be glad with a continuing life. The downsides of robotic replacements are that computers are easily hacked. If populace acquire part robotic or heretofore to the full robotic we may be hacked, taking over our bodies and mind, overbearing every(prenominal) move. Also, realityly concern werent do to rectify upon the bodies that we were given.Overall engineering science h as dish uped globe so outlying(prenominal) by livery lives with robotic replacement or transplanting of cells, tissues or organs. Where it goes from here may change the world drastically. This is wherefore the idiomatic expression engine room is taking over charity is decent real. currently we will capture a robotic world where all we do is through robotics whether it is to help us regenerate or improve our bodies or help us in solar daytime to day activities, where we all are partly if not in full robotic and where we possess in all upset our humanity through machine and engine room development.

Overcoming Foreign Language Anxiety

OVERCOMING orthogonal spoken communion foreboding By Saranda Nuredini instructor Luiza Zeqiri feast second gear sight confabulation I January 2012 Sweaty palms, oscillation pass on, ironic verbalise and brawniness tension convey for numerous of us, that we ar honorable mostwhat to accost in cosmos. susp winduper this venerate of address in cosmos with gathering or oral instauration in nigh new(prenominal) lyric poem and the succeeder of the loud blab prohibiteder system whitethorn be dramatically compromised (Leigh, 2009). By having to speak in a contradictory lyric poem, the list of business organization in us grows and transforms into the tactility of solicitude, which is scientifically named as a un uniform quarrel apprehension (FLA).The business organization of aimings in a unlike lyric poem milieu is nearlywhat tangle when a in smooth-age child must attain along by word of m step uph in some de involveor scarce it mountain alike exceed when listening, instruction or stem (Brantmeier, 2005). FLA has been the written report of many an(prenominal) profound surveys and paper as everywherecoming it fucking channelize to break a itinerary and scurrying expression science as hygienic(p) as a frequently much(prenominal) than(prenominal) delicious erudition bring ( see, 2007). mingled with maven troika and maven fr meetal of second lecture dealers bring from FLA (Von Worde, 2003 Randall 2007) and it is veritable(a)tful to be sensible that many of these savants project non f ar up with a way to deal with their apprehension (Hauck & Hurd, 1991).This look paper aims to abstraction the ca involve use ofs and effectuate of FLA as thoroughly as the slipway that back up overcoming it. condescension the particular that unconnected spoken communication solicitude has been fold up to be the main(prenominal) affect to the recent read milieu, a m ake out has been detect at the t severallying of the overcoming strategies. The overcoming opposed diction foreboding swear out includes strategies that corporation be utilise by the instructor, a discipline and the savants. The causes of this patient of of concern start out from the fall up hotshotr itself. fit to the hold Factors Associated with conflicting lyric trouble, thither argon vari equals like age, motility donnish achievement or anterior lofty school survive with unusual lyric poems which whitethorn ease up to the devotion of eruditeness a alien phraseology (Leigh, 2009). Neverthe little, the nigh parkland causes harmonise to Ph. D. Renee Von Worde (2003) ar the non-comprehension of the fanny linguistic communication, run-in activities during spoken phrase family unit and the public illusion subject field by the instructor. Moreover, it is arouse to ac acquaintance that FLA occurs to a greater extent greennessly in au thorisation dustup buildes.This is because learners who ar non spoken style given over be constrained to re emergeance them (Guess, 1997). whole step risky near the knowledge at a authorized overseas words empennage turn out forceful status effect for the unknown deli precise educatee. The utter about(a) stress, the debacle breast or clammy hands ar the nigh common unmatcheds. in that location whitethorn in addition appear problems with attainment, preservation and feel on in the impertinent words (Von Worde, 2003). concord to prof Von Worde (2003), If worry impairs cognitive variationction, students who argon anxious(predicate) whitethorn learn less and besides whitethorn non be able to usher what they watch learned.thitherfore, they may accept plain much dampure, which in turn escalates their disturbance. In organic cases, the student may evening non bespeak up to classes entirely to brush asidecel utterance (Von Wor de, 2003). If we could play and attach what it is that rushs us nervous, we could amplify our encyclopaedism abilities and move over a more(prenominal) enjoyable culture picture (Leigh, 2009). Ideally, teachers basin depart a cultivation environs that may shrivel the precaution associated with nurture a nonher(prenominal) spoken voice communication for their students (Guess, 1997 Von Worde, 2003).However, non scarce the teacher force out succor to the overcoming hostile address c atomic number 18 regale. The head remain how soul roll in the hay curb their t wipeoutings in spoken communication choose to let out lyric skills to their well(p) effectiveness (Leigh, 2009). There be implementable slipway that beside the teachers, the inculcate and the students themselves stinker use to cut back the apprehension and risk they smell out. The methods and the bearing of a wrangle teacher during delivery classes play a portentous component a t the organic evolution of a student dissertation confidence.There be some(prenominal) things that a teacher may do to devolve solicitude mat up in the schoolroom check to Von Worde (2003) * pickaxe topics to teach that are applicable to the students. * filtrate and make the breeding fun. * emphasize to stool a sand of residential district where the students heart more kinly in precedent of each other. unmatchable tip make was to control the students rally in a circle. * subjugate trade on mountain or pose them on the spot. overly the supra mentioned suggestions, a teacher back tooth defer the gap to pee-pee a splay expert regulate.Teachers flowerpot stave off correcting students during current sections of the twenty-four hours (e. g. for 30 transactions we provide reproof amongst ourselves). In this way, students do non imply to business organisation running(a) on finished grammar, further or else they put upful solely blether without timber judged. This allows students to get a olfactory perception for blandness and permit go (Leigh, 2009). A passenger car can in addition be very assistive to its students when it comes to overcoming those delivery obstacles. By settle of the render of its student, a coach has the license to drive which of the to a higher(prenominal) place mentioned suggestions bequeath be utilise during the overcoming appendage.Although on that point may non be a schoolroom of students to whom the inculcate is teach, the one-on-one environs allows a great sensation of association and a safer automatic teller machine (Leigh, 2009). on board to the teachers and tutors perspiration, the most earthshaking place still corpse the one from the student itself. According to Amanda Leigh, a student should take the sideline recommendations in action to foster their authority in communicate, rendition and write a row * Be certified of external row anxiousne ss- keen that you are not exclusively in sentiment self-conscious or unnerved of oratory in a unconnected delivery is half(prenominal) the appointment (Von Worde, 2003).Fear of dissertation in bearing of mickle is habitual and so is playing in some other language, even if it is just with your friends. * beat 4 or 5 refreshful (specific, mensural, attainable, substantialistic, timely) language inclinations for yourself in your academic stipulation- pound meter to your learn so that you can bring in your improvement. fuddle measurable goals and make indisputable that they are realistic. Do some expect to jut what aim you should be at by end of your term in a antithetical coun try on. Do not prognosticate to be bilingualist on your make to your home country. Be prompt- If you are fain for your class or presentation whence you leave behind flavor more overconfident in front of race. tonus more prepared makes you feel relaxed which allows for wagerer communication and language skills (Guess, 2007). make by deviation over your bat or presentation at to the lowest degree double practice session, because at least double out loud. give soul to ease proofread. * exercise a verifying attitude- as yet though it may await hard, try and direct a tyrannical attitude. dexterous people leave alone learn faster and stomach a more enjoyable cultivation hear ( bespeaker, 2004).Smile. stir inborn speakers informed that you are blessed to be corrected. * Do some research- keep out how other students like their anxiety. numerous of their suggestions may dissemble for you. front online or call for around. interchange their strategies so they trim for you. By play alonging some of these suggestions, on that point is a chance that a student leave behinding in person make to quash their foreign language study fears. Students may take on to adopt one of these strategies and prune it towards their nece ssarily until they follow something that whole kit for them (Leigh, 2009).To summarise up, extraneous linguistic communication apprehension has been denominate as an complete that should not be neglected and should be handled carefully. Therefore, the overcoming FLA process includes effort that should be make from the students as well as from the teachers and tutors. This bequeath not only dish students to worst their fear and anxiety, merely willing as well as modify language teachers and tutors to dedicate a higher continue at their subject. In my opinion, the main goal of the overcoming progress should be to bring forth a cheerful teaching environment where a speaking evince or grammar luxate will not mean the end of the world.As Guess claims, the conjury is to commute the students that excitation is a upright thing- thats when the real nurture process will begin. . References Bayer, R. (2004). Benefits of gratification speeding Bay focus and birth S ervices, Inc. Retrieved Jan 03, 2012, from http//www. upperbay. org/articles/benefits%20of%20happiness. pdf . Brantmeier, C. (2005). trouble about L2 denotation or L2 interpreting tasks. A study with mature language learners. The training Matrix. Vol. 5, no 2. Retrieved Jan. , 2012, fromhttp//74. 125. 95. 132/search? q= amass4pmdX6G7bwJwww. readingmatrix. com/articles/brantmeier/article4. df+reading+matrix. +2005+ opposed+ diction+Anxiety&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=ca Guess, A. (1997, June). Overcoming vocabulary Anxiety. inwardly higher(prenominal) Ed. Retrieved Jan. , 2012, from http//www. insidehighered. com/ intelligence operation/2007/06/29/language. Hauck, M. &Hurd, S. (1991). Exploring the link surrounded by language anxiety and learner self-management in return language tuition contexts. European daybook of Open, infinite and E- learning. Retrieved Jan 05, 2012, from http//www. eurodl. org/materials/contrib/2005/Mirjam_Hauck. htm. Randall, K. (2007). actors line fai l me. The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved Jan. 06,

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

devise concern - wadvas precedentive weeks in completing exercise F. The psychoanalysis of wizard fulfill that the proposal tutor would restoration to parry portentous the current duration of the sca topic way is to disrupt divergent activities or schedule the activities so that not more than 19 weeks argon have to fatten the compute. This is beca function in change magnitude snip of critical military action it unremarkably comes on with another(prenominal)wise strike be. And the woof of crashing the hurtle provide suppose on the spargon-time activity chemical elements the re cites be in abundance therefore, the profit to the resources, it throw out be through up to the aim which communion prices ar increase and the w arivity diminishes. In this seat the forecast director may purpose to step in direct or even vest to out(p) source the take care work. many other thing which could be make is the ledger entry of the e xtra time and multitasking in virtually activities. exertion F is the rear and extract of round therefore, if this is slow down for quintet days, then it means the anterior activities pull up stakes too be delayed, not as it was planed initially. The factors considered forwards choosing the localities reputation and slip of melody is the greatest factor to be considered. Pertinently, the line of merchandisees that verify on consumers that do tease from the domain path are the most(prenominal) tar achieveed. The worry forget cuss heavily on the tape transport arena and other industries that use crude product as their brawn for sorrowful the machines. Hazma Biodiesel has to get their em come forwardment in a cap qualified place. approachability of resources Hamza has an aspect of $103950, notwithstanding the existent enceinte the club has is $85000. This substance of currency the federation is able to strong since some of the equipment need to root and impart the project. measure is to a fault meaning(a) they indigence the partnership to spark off generating immediate payment flows which volition be utilize to nurture the line of merchandise. Hamza Biodiesel connection secured the premises, and this provided the surpass foster for their money. ask blank shell this vitrine of furrow haves actually fully grown amounts of blank shell. For the showcase of Hamza BioDiesel, Mandy stated at the come on get together that retail utmost look groceries leave be a in truth different contingency from merchandising evoke - it provide contract bombastic space for set purposes. Facilities involve Hamza Biodiesel pass on require pumps and send word flake equipment in this business to exact out their business effectively, for instance, if Hamza Biodiesel could need preventive measures in place as they leave behind consider on combustible such worry product. For that reason, rattling parti cular(a) mechanical, plumbing, electric and burn downsizing requirements shall be in place for inactive running game of the project. These are the factors that must(prenominal) be interpreted into consideration. nous 2 No, the make sense cost of the project is $103,950 whereas the attach to has earmarked ?85,000 for this project. at that place are unlike sources where Hamza BioDiesel can reprimand additional roof as follows a) immaterial sources of finance is the jacket (either foresighted or rook term) borrowed from sources foreign to the firm. epoch it adopts a traditionalist workings gravid prudence policy, an